Napoleon I, also called Napoleon Bonaparte was the greatest military genius of his era and maybe the greatest general in history. He created an empire that covered most of western and central Europe.
Early life
Napoleon was born on August 15, 1769 on the island of Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea. Because the island belonged to France Napoleon was a French citizen.
At the age of 9 he entered a French military school. While he was an average student in most subjects he was extremely good at mathematics. At 16 he graduated and became an artillery officer in the French army.
Military Career
During the French Revolution Napoleon was stationed in Paris. This was a critical time for France because the country was at war with many European countries. In that year the monarchy was overthrown and France became a republic. During the revolution Napoleon defended the new government and joined the Jacobins, a radical political group in France.
Rise to Power
In the years that followed Napoleon fought many battles in most of Europe. In 1796 he became commander in chief of all French forces in Italy. From Italy Napoleon invaded Austria, France’s most powerful enemy. As Napoleon approached Vienna, the Austrians surrendered and were forced to give up Belgium to France.
Napoleon’s victories made him very popular with the French people. He was able to convince France’s government – the Directory – that he could cut off British trade to Asia by occupying Egypt. But the British commander Horatio Nelson defeated Napoleon in the Battle of the Nile in 1798 and most of his fleet was destroyed.
Consul and Emperor
In 1799 Napoleon returned to Paris. With the help of his followers he overthrew the French government, which was very unpopular at that time because it had lost other wars. A consulate of three men was created to govern France, but Napoleon, who was the First Consul, held all the power.
As soon as he was in control of France Napoleon began to reform the country. He modernized the government, founded the Bank of France and reorganized higher education. But his greatest achievement was the Code Napoleon, a collection of laws that allowed people many liberties they had received during the Revolution. The code still forms the basis of civil law in France.
In 1804 Napoleon changed France from a consulate to an empire. He became emperor and crowned himself at the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris.
When Napoleon seized power he began to concentrate on his dream of controlling all of Europe. In the Napoleonic Wars he fought against Prussia, Austria, Great Britain and Russia.
In 1805 Napoleon’s fleet was defeated again by Admiral Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar, off the coast of Spain. In retaliation Napoleon tried to ruin England’s economy. He forbade countries that he controlled to trade with France but this didn’t work because they needed British goods. Although he had to give up his plan of conquering Great Britain he continued winning against other European armies on the ground.
Napoleon put his relatives on the thrones of the conquered territories. After his first marriage had ended in divorce, the emperor married Marie Louise, daughter of the emperor of Austria. Within a year they had a son whom he gave the title king of Rome.
In 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia because the Russians did not want to help blockade Britain. It turned out to be the biggest mistake of his career. When the French moved forward the Russian army retreated and burned down everything that the French might be able to use. When Napoleon finally reached Moscow, a huge fire broke out, destroying much of the city. Napoleon could do nothing but turn back. When the winter came and it started to snow most of Napoleon’s soldiers died. It was the greatest disasters in military history.
Napoleon’s Decline
Napoleon’s enemies saw their chance. One by one they rose against him. Britain, Austria and Prussia joined Russia in their fight against Napoleon. The French were defeated in the Battle of Leipzig in today’s Germany. In 1814 the enemies captured Paris and Napoleon had to give up his throne.
Napoleon was banned on the island of Elba near Corsica, where he stayed for only 10 months. In March 1815 he escaped from prison and, together with his old supporters began a march on Paris. The king fled and for a short time Napoleon once again ruled France. This period, known as the Hundred Days, ended on June 18, 1815 when Napoleon was defeated for the last time at the Battle of Waterloo, Belgium.
Final years
After this final defeat, Napoleon was taken prisoner by the British who put him on the tiny island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic. He stayed there until he died in 1821.
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Наполеон I Бонапарт (1769-1821 гг.)
Французский император, гениальный полководец. Родился в семье мелкопоместного дворянина. В 1785 г. в чине поручика окончил Парижскую военную школу, служил в полку в Южной Франции.
Был произведен в капитаны и направлен в войска, осаждавшие Тулон, захваченный англичанами. Благодаря плану, разработанному Наполеоном, англичанам пришлось срочно покинуть город.
Тулон пал, а сам Наполеон, которому было всего 24 года, был сразу же произведен в бригадные генералы. В 1795 г. решительно подавил монархистский мятеж в Париже, после чего был назначен главнокомандующим армией в Италии, где проявил свое мастерство, разгромив австрийские и итальянские войска. В 1798 г. отправился в военную экспедицию в Египет и Сирию, однако самовольно оставил войска, чтобы противостоять армии А.В. Суворова в Италии.
В 1799 г. по пути в Италию произвел военный переворот в Париже, став одним из трех консулов Франции. В 1804 г. стал императором Франции. Одержал серию блестящих побед над войсками европейских коалиций - при Маренго (1804 г.), при Аустерлице, Иене и Ауэрштеде (1806 г.), Ваграме (1809 г.), что привело его к владычеству над большинством стран Европы. Стремясь к мировому господству, Наполеон в 1812 г. напал на Россию и в результате героического
сопротивления русской армии и народа потерпел поражение. Наполеоновская империя была разбита, а Париж в 1814 г. взят войсками союзников.
Наполеон отрекся от престола и был сослан на остров Эльба, с сохранением титула императора. Через год высадился на берег Франции и двинулся к Парижу, где находилось правительство короля Людовика XVIII.
Новое господство императора продолжалось всего сто дней и закончилось его поражением в битве при Ватерлоо в июне 1815 г.
Ему пришлось вторично отречься от престола. Наполеон был сослан на остров Святой Елены, где умер через шесть лет.
есть ошибки..
битва при Маренго была в 1800 году, совершил он переворот не по-пути в Италию, а вернувшись из Египта. И странно, что не написана дата самой известной победы-Аустерлиц 1805.
Napoleon I, also called Napoleon Bonaparte was the greatest military genius of his era and maybe the greatest general in history. He created an empire that covered most of western and central Europe.
Early life
Napoleon was born on August 15, 1769 on the island of Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea. Because the island belonged to France Napoleon was a French citizen.
At the age of 9 he entered a French military school. While he was an average student in most subjects he was extremely good at mathematics. At 16 he graduated and became an artillery officer in the French army.
Military Career
During the French Revolution Napoleon was stationed in Paris. This was a critical time for France because the country was at war with many European countries. In that year the monarchy was overthrown and France became a republic. During the revolution Napoleon defended the new government and joined the Jacobins, a radical political group in France.
Rise to Power
In the years that followed Napoleon fought many battles in most of Europe. In 1796 he became commander in chief of all French forces in Italy. From Italy Napoleon invaded Austria, France"s most powerful enemy. As Napoleon approached Vienna, the Austrians surrendered and were forced to give up Belgium to France.
Napoleon"s victories made him very popular with the French people. He was able to convince France"s government – the Directory- that he could cut off British trade to Asia by occupying Egypt. But the British commander Horatio Nelson defeated Napoleon in the Battle of the Nile in 1798 and most of his fleet was destroyed.
Consul and Emperor
In 1799 Napoleon returned to Paris. With the help of his followers he overthrew the French government, which was very unpopular at that time because it had lost other wars. A consulate of three men was created to govern France, but Napoleon, who was the First Consul, held all the power.
As soon as he was in control of France Napoleon began to reform the country. He modernized the government, founded the Bank of France and reorganized higher education. But his greatest achievement was the Code Napoleon, a collection of laws that allowed people many liberties they had received during the Revolution. The code still forms the basis of civil law in France.
In 1804 Napoleon changed France from a consulate to an empire. He became emperor and crowned himself at the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris.
When Napoleon seized power he began to concentrate on his dream of controlling all of Europe. In the Napoleonic Wars he fought against Prussia, Austria, Great Britain and Russia.
In 1805 Napoleon"s fleet was defeated again by Admiral Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar, off the coast of Spain. In retaliation Napoleon tried to ruin England"s economy. He forbade countries that he controlled to trade with France but this didn"t work because they needed British goods. Although he had to give up his plan of conquering Great Britain he continued winning against other European armies on the ground.
Napoleon put his relatives on the thrones of the conquered territories. After his first marriage had ended in divorce, the emperor married Marie Louise, daughter of the emperor of Austria. Within a year they had a son whom he gave the title king of Rome.
In 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia because the Russians did not want to help blockade Britain. It turned out to be the biggest mistake of his career. When the French moved forward the Russian army retreated and burned down everything that the French might be able to use. When Napoleon finally reached Moscow, a huge fire broke out, destroying much of the city. Napoleon could do nothing but turn back. When the winter came and it started to snow most of Napoleon"s soldiers died. It was the greatest disasters in military history.
Napoleon"s Decline
Napoleon"s enemies saw their chance. One by one they rose against him. Britain, Austria and Prussia joined Russia in their fight against Napoleon. The French were defeated in the Battle of Leipzig in today"s Germany. In 1814 the enemies captured Paris and Napoleon had to give up his throne.
Napoleon was banned on the island of Elba near Corsica, where he stayed for only 10 months. In March 1815 he escaped from prison and, together with his old supporters began a march on Paris. The king fled and for a short time Napoleon once again ruled France. This period, known as the Hundred Days, ended on June 18, 1815 when Napoleon was defeated for the last time at the Battle of Waterloo, Belgium.
Final years
After this final defeat, Napoleon was taken prisoner by the British who put him on the tiny island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic. He stayed there until he died in 1821.
Napoleon I (15.08.1769 - 05.05.1821) - Emperor of the French
Napoleon I Bonaparte was a brilliant military leader and a statesman, who laid the foundation of the modern French state. He came from a family of a humble Corsican nobleman, but the heights that he reached were well noticed in the world. Napoleon was born on August 15, 1769, in Ajaccio which is the capital of Corsica. There were eight children in his family. At junior age he was sent to study in the Brienne military school in France.
In 1784 he entered the Parisian military academy and a year later joined the artillery troops. He was rather enthusiastic about the start of the French Revolution. In fact, he was appointed a Chief of artillery while returning Toulon occupied by the British. He led a brilliant operation which brought him the rank of brigadier general at the age of 24. In 1795 he became the Commander of the Italian army. The next year he got a chance to show all his leadership skills during the Italian campaign. That was the time when Napoleon gained European fame.
He was very proud of his first large victory. Soon he was sent to run more serious expeditions at the Middle East. The French army was defeated, but it wasn’t Napoleon’s fault as he left the army long before the end of the campaign. He headed to Italy to fight Suvorov’s army. By the time he returned to Paris the country was on the peak of crisis. He was rather popular among the citizens and highly respected. That’s why it was of no difficulty to stage a coup d"etat and proclaim the consulate. In 1802 he was appointed a lifelong consul and two years later - an emperor.
His internal policy was meant to strengthen the all-round personal power. He undertook a number of important reforms in the legal and administrative areas. In fact, when he came to power France was at war with some neighboring countries. That’s why he arranged another Italian campaign to eliminate the outer threats. Moreover, as a result of his military campaigns most of the Western European countries fell under the French subordination. Even Austria, Prussia and Russia were forced to enter the Union that he created.
The first years of his regime were met by French people with enthusiasm. They saw the savior of the motherland in Napoleon. However, the constant war and increasing economic crisis made people exhausted. The bourgeoisie was dissatisfied with the need to spend that much money on everlasting wars. In 1812 the Napoleon’s regime collapsed. It happened right after the Russian troops defeated his army. Two years later he was forced to abdicate. The only title he retained was that of the emperor’s. Soon he was sent into exile on the Elba Island in the Mediterranean.
His second exile, that lasted six years, was on the island of St. Helena. On May, 1821 he died there, but his ashes were brought to Paris in 1840. During his life he was married twice, but had only one heir from Marie-Louise - the Austrian emperor’s daughter. Napoleon I went down in history as an outstanding person with high intellectual abilities and amazing capacity for work.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769 in Corsica Island. He was the greatest hero of France. His family had moved there from Italy in the 16th century. His original name was Napoleone and his original nationality was Corsican-Italian.
His father was a lawyer, and was anti-French. One reason Napoleon may have been such a great leader and revolutionary, that he was raised in a family of radicals. When Napoleon was nine, his father sent him to Brienne, a French military government school in Paris. It was there that he received his military training. He studied to be an artilleryman and an of f i-cero He finished his training and joined the French army when he was just 16.
Napoleon was assigned to work in Paris in 1792. After the French monarchy was overthrown in August 1792, he was promoted to captain.
In 1793, he was chosen to direct the artillery against the siege in Toulon. Very soon after Toulon fell and Napoleon was promoted to brigadier general. He was made commander of the French army in Italy and defeated many Austrian Generals. Soon after this Austria and France made peace and Napoleon was released from his command, he was suspected of treason. In 1795, he broke up a revolt and saved the French government. He had earned back respect and* he was once again given command of the French Army in Italy. He came up with a plan that worked very well. «He would cut the enemy"s army in to two parts, then attack one side of them before the other side could help them».
After this, Napoleon was almost impossible to stop. He made an unsuccessful attempt to invade Egypt and in 1799 he returned to France to find the Directory (the French Government) in a mess. He overthrew the Directory, and created a new government, in which there were three consuls and he was the most important one. At this time, everyone in France loved and admired Napoleon; his power increased. In 1802 France signed a peace treaty with England and Germany.
He re-established
the University of France, reformed the education system, and
founded the Bank of France. He also made the Napoleonic Code:
the first clear, compact statement of the French law. The
Napoleonic Code has served as a base for legal systems around
the world until this day.
Soon he changed the government again and declared himself the
Emperor of France. He married Marie Louise, the daughter of the
Emperor of Austria. Soon his son was born. He now was the ruler
of a Great Empire, and he had 42 million people under his
control.
Then he tried to invade Russia, after that his empire began to crumble.
And on April 6,1814, he was forced from the throne and was exiled to the island of Elba. About a year later, he gathered about 1,000 soldiers and went to Paris and regained power. He ruled for a short time and then he surrendered to the English.
He was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic, where he stayed until he died on May 5, 1821. He is supposed to die of cancer, but there are rumours that he was poisoned.
Наполеон Бонапарт
Наполеон Бонапарт родился 15 августа 1769 года на острове Корсика. Он был самым великим героем Франции. Его семья переехала туда из Италии в 16-м столетии. Его настоящее имя было Наполеоне, а его национальность - корсиканский итальянец.
Его отец был адвокатом и поддерживал антифранцузские настроения. Одной из причин того, что Наполеон стал таким великим полководцем и революционером, возможно, было то, что он вырос в радикально настроенной семье. Когда Наполеону было девять лет, отец послал его в Брине, французскую военную правительственную школу, находящуюся в Париже. Именно там он получил свое военное образование. Он учился на артиллериста и офицера. Он закончил свое обучение и присоединился к французской армии, когда ему было только 16.
Наполеону было поручено работать в Париже в 1792 году. После того как французская монархия была свергнута в августе 1792 года, он был повышен до звания капитана.
В 1793 году он направил артиллерию против осажденной Тулузы. Очень скоро, после того как Тулуза пала, Наполеон был повышен до звания бригадного генерала. Он был назначен командующим французской армией в Италии и победил многих австрийские генералов. Вскоре после того как Австрия и Франция подписали мирный договор, Наполеон был освобожден от командования, так как подозревался в измене. В 1795 году он подавил восстание и спас французское правительство. Он вернул уважение, и ему снова доверили командование французской армией в Италии. Он придумал план, который сработал очень хорошо. «Он разобьет армию врага на две части, после чего нападет на одну из сторон прежде, чем другая сторона сможет помочь ей».
После этого Наполеона было почти невозможно остановить. Он сделал неудачную попытку вторгнуться в Египет, и в 1799 году возвратилсяво Францию, где нашел Директорию (французское правительство) в полном хаосе. Он сверг Директорию и создал новое правительство, в котором было три консула, где он был самым главным. В это время каждый во Франции любил и восхищался Наполеоном; его власть усилилась» В 1802 году Франция подписала мирный договор с Англией и Германией.
Он восстановил Университет Франции, преобразовал систему образования и основал Банк Франции. Он также создал Наполеоновский кодекс: первое ясное краткое толкование французского закона. Наполеоновский кодекс послужил основой для создания юридических систем во всем мире. Вскоре он сменил правительство и провозгласил себя императором Франции. Он женился на Марии Луизе, дочери императора Австрии. Скоро родился его сын. Теперь он был правителем великой империи и управлял 42 миллионами человек.
После этого он попытался завоевать Россию, после чего его империя начала рушиться.
И 6 апреля 1814 года он был свергнут и сослан на остров Эльба. Приблизительно год спустя он собрал около 1000 солдат и вошел в Париж, чтобы снова захватить власть. Онправил в течение короткого времени, а затем сдался англичанам.
Он был сослан на остров Св. Елены,
что в Южной Атлантике, на котором оставался до самой смерти - 5
мая 1821 года. Считается, что он умер от рака, но есть слухи,
что он был отравлен.
Questions:
1. When was
Napoleon Bonaparte born?
2. What were his original name and nationality?
3. Who sent Napoleon Bonaparte to study to a military school?
4. When was Napoleon promoted to captain?
5. When was Napoleon promoted to brigadier general?
6. What happened in 1795?
7. Did Napoleon Bonaparte try to invade E^ypt?
8. When did he overthrow the Directory?
9. Who was his wife?
10. Did they have any children?
11. When did the French Empire begin to crumble?
12. When was he forced from the throne?
13. Where was Napoleon Bonaparte exiled?
14. Where did Napoleon Bonaparte die?
Vocabulary:
lawyer - юрист, адвокат
to raise - воспитывать (детей); повышать (в звании, должности)
to assign - назначать, определять, устанавливать
to overthrow (past overthrew, p.p. overthrown) - свергать;
побеждать; низвергать, уничтожать
to promote - выдвигать, продвигать; повышать в чине/ звании
siege - осада
to defeat - воен. одержать победу над кем-л., наносить
поражение; завоевывать
to release - увольнять (с работы), воен. демобилизовать
to suspect of treason - подозревать в измене
to brake (past broke, p.p. broken) up a revolt - начать
восстание, мятеж
to earn back - получить обратно
attempt - попытка; проба
to invade - вторгаться, захватывать, оккупировать
in a mess - в беспорядке; путаница,
the Directory - ист. Директория
consul - консул
to admire - восторгаться, восхищаться
to increase - возрастать, увеличивать(ся); расти
to sign a peace treaty - подписать мирное соглашение
statement - заявление, утверждение
law - закон
to serve - служить
legal system - правовая/судебная система
to declare - заявлять, объявлять; провозглашать, объявлять
публично
to crumble - терпеть крах, разрушаться, гибнуть
to force from the throne - заставить отречься от трона
to exile - высылать, изгонять, ссылать;
to rule - править, управлять
to surrender - сдавать(ся); капитулировать
rumour - молва, слух
to poison - отравить
